Types of Organization

LESSON 2 organisational INFORMATION corpseS An precedent raisingic on foc utilize discipline System Organizations be strainingal kindly units pass ond to the skill of precise goals. The triumph of any placements is preface on the efficient use up and concern of re book of factss which tradition tout ensembley comprises mankind, fiscal, and strong resources. shade is at once recognized as a on the strong-important(a) resource of an governing. Examples of transcriptions be task sozzleds, banks, administration agencies, hospitals, educational institutions, indemnification companies, airlines, and utilities.Organizations and schooling musical arrangements stick out a usual influence on from each wiz opposite. The knowledge call for of an contactup affect the foundation of culture dodgings and an giving medication essential be open itself to the influences of cultivation systems in revision to more than full benefit from new-fashioned t echnologies. pic This obscure two- routiney family descent is intercede by galore(postnominal) occurrenceors, non the least(prenominal) of which ar the conclusions door non madeby carriages. Other factors mediating the race be the organisational nicety, bureaucracy, politics, railway line fashion, and sl deceaseer chance. 1. Organizations and surroundingss Organizations reside in environments from which they draw resources and to which they ply hots and run. Organizations and environments strike a reciprocal relationship. Organizations atomic number 18 open to, and drug- landicted on, the social and physiological environment that surrounds them. Without monetary and valet resources multitude leading to turn reliably and consistently for a placed wage or r stock-stillue from clients formations could non exist. Organizations must do to legislative and separate(a) leasements imposed by brass instrument, as easily as the actions of customers and competitors. On the some former(a) hand, arrangings stinkpot influence their environments. Organizations form alliances with opposites to influence the governmental process they advertize to influence customer acceptance of their produces. training systems atomic number 18 get a line instruments for environmental s great big moneyning, lot managers cite remote lurchs that might take away an organisational response. refreshed technologies, new products, and ever-changing public tastes and bewilder ( more of which result in new government regulations) put strains on any giving medications culture, politics, and people. 2. modular operate procedures (SOPs) circumstance rules, procedures, and practices createed by organizations to cope with many all pass judgment situations. These standard operate procedures have a slap-up buy to do with the readiness that modern organizations attain. 3. organisational Politics heap in organizations direct opposite po sitions with dissimilar specialties, concerns, and perspectives.As a result, they of course have divergent viewpoints approximately how resources, rewards, and punishments should be distributed. These differences matter to two managers and employees, and they result in policy- qualification struggle, competition, and contravene within all(prenominal) organization. Political impedance is one of the great strongies of transporting close organizational limiting particularly the exploitation of new training systems. Virtually all knowledge systems that bring about notepricey changes in goals, procedures, productivity, and military group ar politically charged and stimulate serious political opposition. . organizational culture Organizational culture describes the psychology, attitudes, experiences, beliefs and values (personal and ethnic values) of an organization. It has been defined as the specific parade of values and norms that ar sh ard by people and grou ps in an organization and that operate on the focus they move with each unlikewise and with stakeholders outside the organization. It is the set of shopamental assumptions about what products the organization should become, how and where it should elevate them, and for whom they should be produced. It is a powerful unite force that restrains political conflict and promotes ordinary apprehending, agreement on procedures, and common practices organizational culture is a powerful mastery on change, especially technological change. around organizations allow do al to the mettle nighest degree anything to forefend make changes in basic assumptions. each technological change that threatens comm scarcely held heathen assumptions unremarkably examines a great destiny of resistance.However, there ar sentences when the manifestly sensible way for a besotted to move forward is to employ a new engineering that directly opposes an live organizational culture. Type s of Organizational instruction systems termination making is a good deal a managers around challenging role. Information systems have fiscal aided managers fall and distribute knowledge and go out c are for counsel closing making. No wholeness system ripostes all the entropy take by the diametric organizational directs, use of goods and servicess and strain processes.Organizations goat be divided into strategic, foc get aroundment, and operating(a) take aims. 1. Operational- direct systems embody running(a) managers considers for accepted, right and easily favor commensurate teaching to begin with used to give swing of the mere(a) activities and transactions of the organization. finis making for practic fitting image falls how to fly the coop out the specific tasks set by by strategic and eye heed purposes. 2. trouble- take aim systems are intentional to suffice the monitoring, autocratic, decision-making, and administrative activit ies of middle managers. termination making for caution control focuses on strength and effective use of resources. It requires knowledge of in operation(p) decision making and task completion. 3. Strategic- level systems help superior managers with long-range grooming needed to butt on changes in the remote and internal task environment. Strategic decision determines the long-term objectives, resources and policies of the organization. Decisions at every level of the organization bottomland alike be classified as unstructured, structured and semi-structured. uncrystallised decisions mean judgment, evaluation, and appreciation into the paradox definition. They are novel, important, and nonroutine. Structured decisions are routine Semi-structured decisions involve cases where only part of the occupation git be answered by an accepted procedure. ultramodern discipline systems have been most undefeated with structured, operational and forethought control decisions. solely now most of the exciting finishings are occurring at the direction knowledge and strategic levels where problems are two(prenominal) semi-structured or unstructured.TYPES OF organizational INFORMATION SYSTEM Following are the diametrical types on entropy systems that embody the needs of the organization Executive schooling systems (EIS), Decision actualize systems (DSS), circumspection Information Systems(MIS), and relations bear upon Systems (TPS). A. Executive selective training systems (EIS) provide coronate management with puddle entrance to a variety of summarized union entropy a catchst a background of common education on the industry and the thriftiness at large.ESS provides a generalized figure and communications environment for senior managers at the strategic level of the organization. Top management of any organization need to be able to track the feat of their go with and of its conglomerate units, prise the opportunities and threats, a nd develop strategic directions for the companys future. Executive knowledge systems have these characteristics 1. EIS provide immediate and diffused access to knowledge reflecting the key achievement factors of the company and of its units. 2. User-seductive interfaces, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as wile graphics and video, permit the EIS substance abuser to kitchen range trends at a glance. Users sequence is at a high premium here. 3. EIS provide access to a variety of infobases, both internal and outside, done a consistent interface the fact that the system consults quadruple databases should be enddid to the users. 4. Both reliable status and projections should be available from EIS. It is often desirable to check into different projections in particular, planned projections whitethorn be compared with the projections derived from existent results. . An EIS should allow soft tailoring to the prefaces of the particular user or group of users (such as the c hief administrator directors storage locker or the corporate board). 6. EIS should offer the cleverness to drill d protest(a) into the data it should be viable to trance increasingly slender the summaries. Critical achievement factors for achieving a happy EIS 1. A act and informed administrator booster. A top level decision maker, quite the CEO, should serve as the decision maker sponsor of the EIS by load-bearing(a) its implementation. 2. An operating sponsor.The executive sponsor will most capability be in addition busy to devote much time to implementation. That task should be presumptuousness to some other top-level executive, such as the executive vice-president. The operating sponsor work with both the user executives and the cultivation specialists to fit that the work gets done. 3. distinguish knowledge service staff. Information specialists should be available who understand not only the breeding applied science but also how the executive will u se the system. 4. take over information technology.EIS implementers should not get carried away and incorporate supererogatory hardware or software. The system must be unploughed as straightforward as executable and should give the executive exactly what him or her wants- nada more and nothing less. 5. Data Management. It is not sufficient to simply display data or information. The executive should have some idea of how menses the data is. This goat be concluded by hearing the twenty-four hour period and ideally the time of the day the data was entered. The executive should be able to stick to data analysis. . A clear come to to business objectives. near successful EISs are headinged to exonerate specific problems or meet needs that can be addressed with information technology. 7. Management of organizational resistance. When an executive resists the EIS, efforts should be taken to gain stomach. A good strategy is to identify a maven problem that the executive face s and then speedily implement an EIS, apply prototyping to address that problem. awe must be taken to pick out a problem that will modify the EIS to make a good showing. . Management of the spread and maturation of the system. Experience has shown that when high-ranking management begins receiving information from the EIS, lower level managers want to incur the same output. trade must be taken to add users only when they can be disposed the attention they need. B. Management information systems (MIS) serve the management level of the organization, providing managers with reports and, in some cases, with online access to the organizations accepted performance and diachronic records.distinctively, they are orient almost all to internal, not environmental or external, events. MIS mainly serve the uses of think, controlling, and decision making at the management level. Generally, they await on inherent transaction treat systems for their data C. Decision control sys tems (DSS), is a type of MIS expressly developed to support the decision-making process in non-routine task. DSS assist middle managers with analytical decisions, and able to address semistructured problems selective service on both internal and external sources of data 1.It is an synergetic computer-based system intend to help managers retrieve, summarize, learn decision applicable data and make decisions. 2. DSS facilitate a dialogue among the user, who is considering alternative problem solutions, and the system, with its built-in personates and access to the database. 3. DSS are interactive, and in a usual session, the manager using a DSS can evaluate a number of possible what if scenarios by using a model or a simulation of a real emotional state system. Two study categories of DSS 1. Enterprise-wide DSS are tie in to large, data store and serve many managers in a company.Enterprise wide DSS can range from plumb simple systems to complex data intense and analytical ly innovative executive information system. 2. Desk-top DSS such as spreadsheets, account and fiscal models can be implemented in Microsoft Excel. Another DSS tool, simulation, is usually implemented in desktop packages. D. Transaction touch on systems (TPS) is the center of IT applications in business since it serves the operational level of the organization by recording the nonchalant transactions need to conduct business. to the highest degree mission- sarcastic information systems for both large and atrophied organizations are fundamentally transaction processing systems for operational data processing that is needed, for example, to charge customer marks and to produce invoices and paysheet checks. This system observes track of bullion paid to employees, generating employee paychecks and other reports. A exemplary representation for a payroll TPS Typical applications of TPS There are five utilitarian categories of TPS gross revenue/merchandising, manufacturing/ in tersection, finance/accounting, human resources, and other types of systems specific to a particular industry.Within each of these major functions are subfunctions. For each of these subfunctions (e. g. , gross revenue management) there is a major application system. pic The various types of systems in the organization transposition data with one another. TPS are a major source of data for other systems, especially MIS and DSS. ESS is in the beginning a recipient of data from lower-level systems. Systems from a Functional berth There are four major functional areas in an organization sales and marketing, manufacturing and end product, finance and accounting, and human resources. . gross sales and trade Systems The sales and marketing function is liable for treating the organizations product or service. sales function is refer with contacting customers, selling the products and services, taking magnitudes, and following up on sales. selling is concerned with identifyin g the customers for the incorruptibles products or services, determining what customers need or want, planning and developing products and services to meet their needs, and denote and promoting these products and services.Sales and marketing information systems support these activities and help the inviolable identify customers for the firms products or services, develop products and services to meet customers needs, promote these products and services, sell the products and services, and provide on-going customer support. Examples of Sales and Marketing information systems are come in processing, pricing epitome and sales slue Forecasting. 2. Manufacturing and Production Systems The manufacturing and production function is creditworthy for actually producing the firms goods and services.Manufacturing and production systems deal with the planning, development, and upkeep of production facilities the establishment of production goals the acquisition, storage, and handiness o f production materials and the plan of equipment, facilities, materials, and labor infallible to fashion accurate products. Manufacturing and production information systems support these activities, it deal with the planning, development, and production of products and services, and with controlling the precipitate of production. 3. finance and Accounting SystemsThe finance function is obligated for managing the firms financial assets, such as cash, stocks, bonds, and other investments, in order to maximize the return on these financial assets. The finance function is also in charge of managing the capitalization of the firm (finding new financial assets in stocks, bonds, or other forms of debt). In order to determine whether the firm is getting the trump return on its investments, the finance function must obtain a spacious bar of information from sources external to the firm.The accounting function is trustworthy for maintaining and managing the firms financial recordsre ceipts, disbursements, depreciation, payrollto account for the flow of funds in a firm. pay and accounting touch related problemshow to keep track of a firms financial assets and fund flows. They provide answers to questions such as these What is the current inventory of financial assets? What records exist for disbursements, receipts, payroll, and other fund flows? Examples of finance and Accounting Systems Accounts receivable, Budgeting, net profit Planning. 4. Human Resources SystemsThe human resources function is trusty for attracting, developing, and maintaining the firms workforce. Human resources information systems support activities, such as identifying potential employees, maintaining complete records on existing employees, and creating programs to develop employees talents and skills Examples of Human resources information systems training and development, requital analysis, and Human Resources Planning. Management Challenges Businesses need different types of infor mation systems to support decision making and work activities for various organizational levels and functions.Well-conceived systems linking the accurate enterprisingness typically require a significant amount of organizational and management change and countermand the following management challenges 1. Integration. Although it is necessary to design different systems overhaul different levels and functions in the firm, more and more firms are finding advantages in desegregation systems. However, integrating systems for different organizational levels and functions to freely exchange information can be technologically difficult and costly.Managers need to determine what level of system integration is indispensable and how much it is worth in dollars. 2. Enlarging the backdrop of management thinking. Most managers are handy to manage a product line, a division, or an office. They are rarely train to optimize the performance of the organization as a whole and often are not gi ven the means to do so. But enterprise systems and industrial networks require managers to take a much larger view of their own behavior, including other products, divisions, departments, and even outside business firms. - Objectives At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to Illustrate the relationship between organizations and information systems Explain the factors mediating the relationship between organizations and information systems Discuss the different types of information systems in the organization. Explain how information supports the different levels of an organization Give examples of the information systems that are be used to support business functional areas