Continuation from Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Continuation from Assignment 2 - Essay Example The project plan includes the project organisation, project practices and measurements, project objectives, and project execution phases. In terms of project organisation, Starbuck’s project will consist of a project manager and four members of the management team including a member from each of the organization’s main departments – HR Department, Marketing Department, and Finance Department. Each of the members will have specified duties and responsibilities depending on their skills, abilities and qualifications; and all of them will report to the project manager. In terms of project practices and measurements, the project will be implemented through a series of activities: hiring independent contractors, purchasing materials, laying foundation of the stores, building the stores, furnishing and upgrading motorcycles to be used in marketing. These activities will be measured in terms of percentage to completion. Each of the phases of implementing the project wil l be headed by one of the project managers, and it will depend on the percentage to completion. Each phase will be undertaken after the completion of the preceding phase in order to ensure that there is no overlap of activities in the project management. The project will be run by a specialized group of staff composed of members with special knowledge and skills to run the project. The staff will be categorised as support staff or infrastructure staff. The staff will be trained on regular basis during the project progress in order to enhance effective project execution and development of new insights on project execution (Packendorff, 1995). Each member of the project team will be allocated specific tasks needed to execute the project depending on their levels of skills, knowledge and experience. The staff will work in groups in order to achieve higher results. The importance of staff working in groups is that it

Nakata’s Story Essay Example for Free

Nakata’s Story Essay He does after all state in an interview on the authors official Murakami website (:http://www. randomhouse. com/features/murakami)) â€Å"Myths are the prototype for all stories. When we write a story on our own it cant help but link up with all sorts of Myths. † His works explore how ancient myths can impact the lives of even a normal teenaged boy like Kafka Tamura, and how those myths interweave with Japanese culture even in today’s more Westernized Japan. Kafka’s journey begins in a library which I would interpret as being key to understanding who Kafka is. He loves reading and books and has been taught to value knowledge. In a very real sense this is true for Kafka since knowledge is the one thing that will ensure his survival on his journey of self discovery. There Kafka meets a young trans-gendered librarian named Oshima who suffers from a form of rare hemophilia. Oshima also acts as a guide who leads’s Kafka to the gates to the underworld. This is where Kafka will discover what truly happened to his mother and sister, as well as what kind of man his father really is. The final guide on Kafka’s Journey of self discovery is the Head Librarian of the Komura Library, Miss Saeki. Kafka gets the strangest feeling when he is around her that she might be his long lost mother. This is where the novel starts tying into the Ancient Greek myth of Oedipus. The tale of Oedipus( Sophocles, The Oedipus Trilogy; Project Gutenberg: http//www. gutenberg. org) is from a play by the Greek playwright Sophocles about a King who is told by fortune-teller that if his pregnant wife bears a son that the child will grow up to kill his father, and have sexual relations with his mother. The play is very tragic but Murakami’s story although tragic in some places is filled with a very subtle light. Kafka has some rather severe issues regarding the disappearance of his mother when he was four. As a four year old he was told by his father that much as Oedipus he would end up in an incestuous relationship with his mother. In a way this becomes a self fulfilling prophecy for Kafka as he falls in love with Miss Saeki whom he suspects is his mother. He states to his spirit guide Crow â€Å"I am in love with Miss Saeki. † (p. 400 Kafka on the Shore: Vintage Paperbacks, 2005) and from this point on Miss Saeki becomes the focus of his obsession. Kafka feels conflicted over his mother’s abandonment. He never understood why his mother left, and apparently his father never explained to him why she left. Part of this sense of abandonment is what has lead Kafka to run away from home. Shortly after arriving at the library Kafka finds himself unconscious in a pile of brush at the side of the road with no memory of what had happened to him. He is covered in blood yet un-injured, and he calls Sakura for help. After she picks him up they have a sexual encounter at her apartment. After this he heads back to the library and decides he cannot return to the hotel he has been living in. Oshima offers Kafka the option of remaining in a cabin that Oshimas’ family owns in the mountains until Oshima can arrange for Kafka to take up residence in one of the rooms that is available at the library. It is here that Kafka begins to wonder if his experience with Sakura was the right thing to do as he suspects Sakura is his sister. Upon moving into the library Kafka hears from Oshima the tragic story of Mss Saeki’s life. According to Oshima â€Å"Miss Saeki’s basically stopped at twenty, when her lover died. No, maybe not age twenty, maybe much earlier†¦.. I don’t know the details. But, you need to be aware of this. The hands of the Japanese Dreams clock buried inside her soul ground to a halt then. Time outside, of course flows on as always, but she isn’t affected by it. † (p 161; Kafka on The Shore; Vintage Paperbacks, 2005). It is from this point that Kafka begins to develop an almost Oedipal obsession over a woman who may, or may not be his biological mother. It is also around the same time that Kafka discovers that his sculptor father has been murdered in a rather gory fashion in Tokyo. It is from here that Kafka’s tale takes on a truly dreamlike quality when he flees to Oshima’s cabin in the woods fearing that he will be accused of the murder of his father. This is what leads into the tale of the second main character.

Case Study Report For Tyrrells Potato Chips Marketing Essay

Case Study Report For Tyrrells Potato Chips Marketing Essay Tyrrells Potato Chips has had a big success in Britain since 2002. In 2002, Will Chase find the best production method for the special chips of Tyrrells Potato Chips. 8 years later, Tyrrells Potato Chips has attracted a lot of fans. Tyrrells Potato Chips also kept its profit increase the 8 years. In the report, I will try to find the best way for Tyrrells Potato Chips to develop new customers without either changing or losing the perception of it products coming from a Herefordshire farmer. I will give a marketing strategy and some actions to develop the long term customer relationship. I will try to explain the success of Tyrrells Potato Chips in a declining potato crisp market. I will also explain the relationship marketing of a declining potato crisp market and I will finally try to give a plan for Tyrrells Potato Chips for its communications tools to develop new customers. How to develop and grow its customer base amongst customers from the higher social grades, without either changing or losing the perception of it products coming from a Herefordshire farmer? I have see the website of Tyrrells Potato Chips and learned the process of the production of the chips. The success, for Tyrrells Potato Chips, I think is the sustainable development of the chips. Will Chase has found the best soil, the best weather to grow potatoes. He also knows the expertise of making the healthiest chips. Meanwhile, he has the cycle system of making use of the used water. This is the most attractive points for the customers. One is that the chips are specially made, in a more flavor and healthier way. The other one is that Tyrrells Potato Chips has the sustainable development plan. The whole process of making seed to food all has the sustainable principle. Since people are becoming more and more interested in environmental protection and sustainability, sustainable development of a company is a very good example to attract more customers. From the above discussion, I have an idea that Will Chase can find a place to grow potatoes. This place has the same conditions as in Herefordshire farmer. Then there are nice weather, water, soil and nearby facilities that can help Tyrrells Potato Chips to deliver. There are many places in Britain that has nice weather for plants. There are several ways to find the best places. Firstly, find the place that can grow the same potato in Tyrrells Potato Chips. Will Chase can find Tyrrells Court Farm, so he can find another Tyrrells Court Farm. This is quite possible. Secondly, there are different kinds of potatoes, so to find a place that can grow another kind of potato, and can make the same effects as Tyrrells Potato Chips is a very good choice. This is also a way for Tyrrells Potato Chips to develop more different products. If we use the first way of find another Tyrrells Court Farm, Will Chase can set up another Tyrrells Court Farms in all Britain or other countries. This method is called the copy of Tyrrells Court Farm. So the development plan of Tyrrells Potato Chips is to copy the same mode in the town. For example, after detailed research and experiment, Will Chase find Tyrrells Court Farm NO.2 in a place in Britain. The first step for him to do is try to promot for the products in the region and do a market research. If the market test is good, then he needs to try to set up the factory and at the same time set up new stores in the nearby places. The growing process of the stores and the factory is almost like Tyrrells Court Farm and its nearby stores. This is like the copy of the whole mode in London, and there will be more different regions. If Will Chase use the second method, there are more risks. He needs to spend much more on research and development of new products. The problem will be find the same potato seed and the nice growing environment and at the same time keep the tradition of healthy and sustainability of Tyrrells Potato Chips. But this method can give more fresh ideas to Tyrrells Potato Chips. New ideas can have more influences on development of Tyrrells Potato Chips. This is also workable, especially in other countries. Because different countries has different growing environment for different potatoes. This method can help Will Chase set up some new regions in places with different weather, soil and natural environment. The above two methods can be used together. This can maintain the customer of wealthier and old customers. I suggest that Tyrrells Potato Chips should use tailor-made marketing strategy to attract more high social class customers. Tailor-made strategy means that for different big customers, if they order a certain quantity, there can special chips for them. This can increase the interest of high class customers. Young people and those middle-aged people love to show themselves and be different. This tailor-made strategy is a good way to attract more customers, not only old and wealthier people. If the idea can attract them to learn more about Tyrrells Potato Chips, they will like to eat Tyrrells Potato Chips because Tyrrells Potato Chips show their special social status, their care about the environment and their care about their health. What specific sales strategy and structure might Tyrrells Chips employ eventually, to further develop long term customer relationship and equally long term value with its customers? No matter what sales strategy Tyrrells Chips choose, one important thing is find the right market and find the right customers. Right now Tyrrells Chips has mainly old and wealthier customers, and in order to expand customers, the high social class is a target. The trend of a healthy and sustainable Tyrrells Chips is right choice. The history of potato chips have show the life change of British people. People love the flavor of potato chips. But later they found it unhealthy. Potato chips make people become fatter and fatter. Obesity becomes a serious problem for people, either old or young. As edited by BBC, the trend for healthier chips and crisps is the future way for potato chips industry (online). The supplies of healthy and sustainable potatoes are solved by choosing the right place as the Tyrrells Court Farm. Use the same production method or come new methods, the products are ready for customers. Later is the problem of sales and marketing team. The key for Tyrrells Chips is to develop long term customers and keep good relationship with them. Thus I suggest a relationship marketing for the old customers and tailor-made marketing for new young and middle-aged customers. Tyrrells Chips is a high brand. People buy its healthy and sustainable products as well as the services. Thus the branding activities are more important. Thus in sales and marketing function, marketing will be more important. Below will be the simple sales and marketing structure for Tyrrells Chips. In a region, there is one Farm provide potatoes, and different shops or supermarkets that sell Tyrrells Chips. Relationship marketing team is for the retention of old customers and introducing more new customers. Tailor-made marketing strategy is for expansion of new customers. Relationship marketing and tailor-made marketing should work closely with each other, because as pointed out in book Relationship Marketing for Competitive Advantage- winning and keeping customers, the referral of new customers from old customers are quite important and the relationship marketing lies more on the old customers. Sales team and support team are for the direct communication with customers. One Region with one Farm Relationship Marketing Tailor-made Marketing Sales Team in different stores or different channels Support Team including service team Relationship marketing is a method that can increase 50% customers without increase budget, according to Laura Lake (online). Nowadays more and more companies are competing with each other to win more customers, but not every one of them try to retain their customers. Customers give up buying the products because they felt the price was too high or unfair, they had an unresolved complaint, they took a competitors offer, or they left because they felt they are not cared (Laura Lake, online). Thus these are the keys for Tyrrells Chips to maintain good relationship with the old customers. Whats more, old customers can also bring new customers to the company and also become fans of Tyrrells Chips. It is almost like the mode of Amway products, but the real business is not the same. In this way, there will be more and more old and wealthier customers. Tailor-made marketing is new marketing method. Mars is a very big candy company. It has the tailor-made service for different customers. For example, Mars provide big corporations with special design candies for any use or weddings of different people. People can design by themselves or just choose some of the designs. The result is that Mars has really kept the high social class customers. These customers include some big companies and some people from a higher social class. Tyrrells Chips can also use the same methods. Healthy and sustainable chips are still the topic for Tyrrells Chips, but people can choose different healthy and sustainable way of eating chips. Each shop can open the tailor-made service stop and give ideas to different people. At the same time, e-marketing is a must. Since mobile phone and internet are the main tool for young and middle-aged people, to use e-marketing will be a nice choice. Relationship marketing, tailor-made marketing and a team with good service is my suggestion for the sales strategy and sales structure for Tyrrells Chips. And this will be a good way to maintain old customers and development new long-term relationship with different customers. 3. Critically evaluate the success to date of Tyrrells Chips in a declining potato crisp market. In the history of potato chips, it is the cause of obesity for people. Since 1950s, people became interested in this kind of oil food. All these years, people have found this led to obesity. And recent years people become not like potato chips because of health problems. Young people are quite influenced by potato chips and old people also. Walkers are todays market leaders in the UK, with sales topping an amazing 180million (BBC, online). But after the crazy of chips, people become realized the importance of health. Thus since last decade, there was a declining in potato chips market. But the trend for potato chips is always healthy. Will Chase succeeded because he has take the chance to develop individual and public healthy potato chips. Firstly, the chips made by Tyrrells Chips is healthy. Will Chase has the best farm to grow the potato seed. The best weather, the best soil, the best people take care of the plants. Then Will Chase has the best method to produce chips. His process was simply to cut the potato thicker so that it retained more potato flavor, kept its natural juices and natural starch. In the frying process the chip absorbed much less oil so produced a much healthier product. Finally, because of the near distance between customers and the farm, these chips are the fleshiest. This whole process has made sure the healthy chips. And Will Chase has made this known to every customer, thus it is quite popular among customers. Secondly, Will Chase has the sense of a sustainable company development. Will Chase quite concern the sustainable development. He has the cycle system in the farm to make good use of some used things, like soil, water, etc. All these chips are hand-made. This saves the energy of machines, which is quite sustainable. At the same time, Will Chase held many activities with different customers to promote the idea of sustainable development (see from the website of Tyrrells Chips). Will Chase make people feel the importance of protecting the earth. The biggest success of Tyrrells Chips, I think, is the right marketing way relationship marketing. Will Chase has attracted the wealthier and old people. These customers are quite loyal to their brands. Since old people are attracted, young people will feel more like it. Will Chase also has the long-term customer strategy. To develop Tyrrells Chips is also a long-term thing. Thus Will Chase try to hold all the old customers and try to develop more customers through these customers. This relationship marketing really helped Tyrrells Chips to be high-end brand with a very good concept, healthy and sustainable. This kind of marketing cause less money but receives much more effects. However, more and more chips companies are competing for the healthy chips market, and some of them also produced some new brands. Will Chase should be quite clear about the fast decisions he needs to take. Because there will be more and more healthy and sustainable chips made by other factories. Tyrrells Chips also have developed different taste to meet different customers needs. Tyrrells Chips is doing well right now, with different tastes and different packages. The next step for Will Chase to decide is to find the right track for Tyrrells Chips, not just expansion of customer. To maintain a long-term relationship with different customers is much more important. Tyrrells Chips relationship marketing and its importance Tyrrells Chips succeeded in providing healthy and sustainable chips to the group of wealthier and old group, and this success is due to the relationship marketing. Relationship marketing was first defined as a form of marketing developed from direct response marketing campaigns which emphasizes customer retention and satisfaction, rather than a dominant focus on sales transactions. (Wikipedia) In other words, relationship marketing focuses more on the long-term value of customers. And by using the customers, they can introduce more and more customers. It is reported that companies can increase their 50% sales through the long-tern customers. And at the same time they dont need to add any cost to their products. The declining of the chips market during the recent years. People are seeking some ways of new chips. Traditional mass production of chips can not meet the needs because people think that machine-made chips are fat, oily and not healthy. Mass produced chips aim at the common majority of people, thus to use a general marketing strategy is OK. But Tyrrells Chips has the concept of healthy from seed to product, thus it is special for some group of people. And since Will Chase is very pay attention to sustainable development, Tyrrells Chips in fact is a high-class chips. All in all, the product orientation of Tyrrells Chips thus needs a special marketing. Relationship marketing is a good choice. Firstly, relationship marketing for Tyrrells Chips can give Tyrrells Chips a higher-level brand. When customers get to know Tyrrells Chips, the first impression is that Tyrrells Chips is totally different from other chips. Tyrrells Chips is healthy from seed to product, Tyrrells Chips is hand-made, Tyrrells Chips is sustainable because it has the sustainable development system. And the most important is that Tyrrells Chips has wealthier and old customers. In other words, when old and wealthier people praise Tyrrells Chips, Tyrrells Chips is in fact very good. This is very useful when Tyrrells Chips want to expand its customer to another group. Secondly, customers referral shows the super quality of Tyrrells Chips. Amway has the traditional direct marketing strategy, and only people who know has the access to its products can buy their products. Thus Amway has a very good reputation among customers. Just imagine, if your good friend strongly recommend a product to you, and you really are in need. Will you buy it? The answer is YES. This is also the same with Tyrrells Chips. In 5 Steps to Relationship Marketing Success, the core for the relationship marketing is to set your mind at your customers, and as an expert, give any services or consultancy to your customers to meet their needs. In other words, services in relationship marketing is quite important. That is also why most of the sales people would like to keep a good touch with their key customers. Because keeping good relationship with old customers can bring more business. This is also the principle of develop new customers based on your 20% key customers. 5. New marketing communications tools that can help expanding customers for Tyrrells Chips There are many new marketing communication tools to choose. But for Tyrrells Chips, the marketing strategy is relationship marketing and tailor-made marketing, thus the tools cannot like the traditional tools, like newspapers, TV, internet, etc. and there cannot so massive advertising. The new marketing strategy should also be sustainable and use the least media to achieve the most effect. Firstly, in order to attract more and more young and middle-aged customers, internet is a must tool. Tailor-made services can really attract those customers. So to publish the tailor-made service of Tyrrells Chips on some high-class websites, like some forum, some personal on-line community for people from the same field. The key selling point of Tyrrells Chips is healthy and sustainable, and approved by most of the old generations. Secondly, there can be some on-line forums for customers to communicate with each other. This is a good way for old and new customers to communicate, and is also a good way to develop new customer. The forum can improve the number of long-term customers and form a good environment of passing the healthy and sustainable ideas to new comers. Finally, there should be on-line satisfactory surveys for customers. One way to retain long-term customers is to give more care to them and ask them for any improvements (Laura Lake, online). Secondly, high-end magazines is a choice. Since the target customers are high social class people, to publish some passages on some high-end magazines will be very good. The content of the passages can be simply an attractive poster of Tyrrells Chips, some interview with old customers, or interviews with employees of Tyrrells Chips, or even an exclusive interview with Will Chase. Anything that can help readers know the healthy and sustainable of Tyrrells Chips can be used in the magazines. For example, they can buy one page poster from Financial Times, and the poster should be attractive and at the same time expressing the healthy and sustainable sense of Tyrrells Chips to the readers. Finally, different events can help Tyrrells Chips to introduce more customers by the old customers. All these events can be introduced by one old customer with another new customer. As for the form of events, I have two suggestions. The first form is DIY Chips Days. Since Tyrrells Chips has the tailor-made marketing strategy, to hold DIY Chips Day is a must. This event want to increase more customers by old customers. DIY Chips Day will attract more young people and middle-aged people with their families. Whats more, to learn the making process of Tyrrells Chips is also a very good way to learn the healthy and sustainable of Tyrrells Chips. This is a good method to develop more and more long-term customers. Another form is to hold more and more sustainable events. Since the world is becoming more and more interested and care the global warming issue, to co operate with customers to work for the earth is a good idea. There are many choices for the sustainable events. Organize a profes sional meeting about the global warming, make a event of planting trees in the morning, plan an activity to pick up trashes in the open air with students, work with any non-governmental organizations in their activities. The best way is to work with different NGOes to organize more and more sustainable events. The core is also introduce more and more new customers by the old customers. Different marketing tools can have different effects on the expansion of customers. But the principle for Tyrrells Chips is that they never forget about their healthy and sustainable principles. With this healthy and sustainable principle, Tyrrells Chips can succeed in the expansion of markets. In conclusion, the real success of Tyrrells Chips lies in the principles of Will Chase, healthy and sustainable chips. Healthy has caught the main trend of the chips development. Sustainable development has caught the whole worlds attention. Nowadays more and more companies and organizations are paying more attention to sustainable development because of the global warming. The biggest success would be the relationship marketing and try to earn the like of old and wealthier people. Wealthier and old people accept the chips, more and more young and middle-aged people will eat Tyrrells Chips. because old people are more focusing on the health of chips. thus the later marketing strategy for Tyrrells Chips would be easier. Tailor-made marketing and sustainable events can help in attracting more and more long-term customers. E-marketing and mobile marketing can help branding to more and more readers. However, since Tyrrells Chips is doing in quite a limited region, more and more competito rs will also look on this market. As a result, this is only the beginning of new chips era. Will Chase need to have more actions more quickly and rightly so that no other competitor can compete with Tyrrells Chips. Relationship and tailor-made marketing would be a very good method for Tyrrells Chips to expand its customers and set up new market regions. And more and more young and middle-aged high class people will become eating Tyrrells Chips.

The Wife of Bath by Geoffery Chaucer :: essays research papers

The Wife of Bath, Dame Alice is quite a spiteful woman even though she desires only a few simple things in life; power and control. Through her prologue and tale, she makes mirror images of herself , which reflects the person who she really is. Dame Alice desires the obvious in life, but what she most desires above all is being more powerful than her man, her spouse, and her lover. In a relationship, she wishes to be dominant, the one who has the last to say, the one who has control over all things in the relationship. This can be first seen in her prologue, "I'll have a husband yet who shall be both my debtor and my slave and bear his tribulation to the grave upon his flesh, as long as I'm his wife. For mine shall be the power all his life over his proper body, and not he†¦"(55-59). It is then shown again in her tale when knight returns the castle and fulfills the task assigned by the queen, "a woman wants the self-same sovereignty over her husband as over her lover, and master him; he must not be above her" (174-176). Yet another example of Dame Alice's wish to be dominant is presented later in the tale told by her. The old hag, after marrying the knight, gives him a choice. It was either to have her old and ugly but faithful or young and pretty but wonder off. "You have two choices; which one will you try? To have me old and ugly till I die, but still loyal, true, and humble wife that will never displease you all her life, or would you rather I were young and pretty and chance your arm what happens in the city where friends will visit you because of me, yes, and on other places too, maybe."(309-316) By comparing the Wife of Bath's prologue to her tale, it is quite obvious that Dame Alice wants to be the old hag. In some aspects, Dame Alice can be said to be jealous of the old hag. After all, the hag was given power and dominance over her husband. In Dame Alice's true life it was not completely true. The husbands that Dame Alice had, "three of them were good and two were bad." (92) The three that she had were called 'good' because they "were rich and old†¦"(93) Dame Alice had complete control over them.

Steve Jobs Personality

Type Today marks part four of our 16 part series exploring the sixteen Myers-Briggs Type [email  protected] test personality types and related notable Celebrity figures throughout time. Previously we examined Celebrity John D Rockefeller and the [email  protected] test EST] personality type. This week we examine the SITS (Introversion-sensing-Thinking- Perceiving) and the late great mastermind behind the â€Å"Apple†, Steve Jobs. Most people remember Steve Jobs as the co-founder and CEO of Apple Inc and Paxar Inc.Steve Jobs was also an individual that mastered his AMBIT type, the SITS, allowing him o excel in a unique position in his industry that lead to technical advancements that we often take for granted in this day of age. Like many Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Introverts who prefer thinking and sensing, Steve Jobs used his preferences primarily internally to analyze the data he gathered in an organized fashion much like the computers he helped develop. He was able to detach and objectively criticize the projects he worked on.This sometimes insensitive approach to problems was a double edged sword that lead to Jobs being fired from Apple in 1985 after losing a rower struggle with Apple's board of directors. Fortunately, Steve Jobs didn't give up, and utilized his Perceiving preference to remain flexible and spontaneous in his approach to work. He acquired the computer graphics division from Localisms and turned it into the critically and financially acclaimed Paxar Studios. He also started up NeXT Inc. That was acquired by Apple Inc. In 1996, and over the next four years Steve Jobs ascended to CEO of Apple bringing him full circle with the company.Steve Jobs also showcased how SITS types focus on efficiently working on projects and was a rim believer in doing only what was needed with the least amount of fuss. Efficiency and innovation were key focus points throughout his career. You can see this today in the products that Apple releases. From th e mimic, to the pod, to the phone, all three are innovations which are streamlined, clean, and efficient products that attract a full spectrum of customers. Apple produces a set amount of products that are mass produced for cost efficiency and quality control.This has allowed Apple to control the image of all the products they produce unlike open sourced platforms like he PC. This did not come without risk as many manufacturers looked down on Apple for their lack of flexibility in the ass's but it is that exact mentality of adaptable, action- orientated risk taking that is synonymous with SITS personality types. Not many people got to know the man behind the keynote speeches closely while he was alive. This is something that is common with Introverts. Most accounts were from people that worked for Steve Jobs. At one point Fortune named Steve Jobs â€Å"one of Silicon Valleys leading egomaniacs.He was also known as a demanding perfectionist, but that was a side effect of the extreme SITS preference that is often seen as confident, independent, and self-determined. Steve Jobs set the bar high and worked until the very end to meet those standards. In the end Jobs did things his own way. Through his successes and failures he changed the technical landscape forever and showed what a motivated SITS can achieve. – See more at: http://carcinogenicity's. Com/ assessments/ambit/965-celebrity-personality-type-Steve-Jobs/#stash. Qwerty. Duff Ambit By Shabby

Immigration Analysis Essays

Immigration Analysis Essays Immigration Analysis Essay Immigration Analysis Essay For many immigration to the United States would be a new beginning during 19th to early 20th century.There were many acts and laws to limit the number immigrating to the United States.Many of these acts were due to prejudice and misunderstanding of a culture.One such act was the Chinese Exclusion Act. Form this one act many immigration laws and acts were made against foreigners.They hoped to control the number of immigrants arriving on the American shores. The Chinese Exclusion Act of May 6, 1882 was just the beginning. This act was the turning point of the U.S. immigration policies, although it only directly affected a small group of people. Prior to the Chinese Exclusion Act there was no significant number of free immigrants that had been barred from the country. Once the Chinese Exclusion Act had been in acted, further limitations on the immigration of ethnic groups became standard procedure for more than eight decades.Irish catholic, Mexican, and other races were not allowed the same freedoms that others were allowed.Even after a family had been here for generations there were not given the same freedoms. Since the arrival of thefirst Chinese Immigrants, racist hostility towards the Chinese always existed.They were predominantly male laborers, concentrated in California.They were vital to the development of western mining, transportation, and agriculture.Other races were also discriminated against, the Irish were not allowed to get jobs or live in certain areas of the cities. By 1880, the great fear of German-speaking and Irish-Catholic immigrants was over. Employers, who still sought worker-immigrants, and not just temporary workers, looked increasingly to southern and eastern Europe. When Italians, Greeks, Turks, Russians, Slavs, and Jews arrived in the United States in numbers, however, new anxieties arose about making Americans of so many different kinds of strangers.

Literature Review on Wetlands and Climate Change Essays

Literature Review on Wetlands and Climate Change Essays Literature Review on Wetlands and Climate Change Essay Literature Review on Wetlands and Climate Change Essay SOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITIY, FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT. IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AUSTRALIAN WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS Assessment 1: BIO01204 Aisling Hall 21620531 3/29/2010 1 Aisling Hall 21620531 BIO01204 Table of Contents IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AUSTRALIAN WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS . 3 Abstract . 3 Introduction IMPORTANCE OF WETLANDS . 4 CLIMATE CHANGE 6 MANAGEMENT.. 7 CONCLUSION .. References . 9 2 Aisling Hall 21620531 BIO01204 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AUSTRALIAN WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS Abstract There is little argument that our climate is changing seen in the increase of temperatures, decrease in snow cover, sea level rises and changes in precipitation intensity and distribution. Wetland ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to these changes as they rely on water flow and ground water for their functionality. In return wetlands filter water and support a high diversity and abundance of life often endemic and critical to the success of phases of certain plant and animals life cycles. Due to the diversity of wetlands their management and protection has been slow and often unsuccessful. Scientific research has raised awareness of their importance in mitigation of climate change through acting as carbon sinks and habitat for significant species, so through education and stronger state and national water management plans wetlands have the chance to continue playing a vital role in our environment. N. Campbell 2009). Many of Australia’s Wetlands hold strong cultural and spiritual significance to Aboriginal people as they are a diverse resource that may have been used for many generations and may support certain ‘totemic’ plants and animals endemic to that small ecosystem (Department of Environment 2008). Climate Change will affect wetlands natural structure, functions and di stribution through temperature rises, changes in distribution, intensity and frequency of rain, sea level rise and stronger anthropogenic pressure as our world warms (T. Walshe 2008). They contain a wide diversity Of life providing habit and supporting plants and animals that may be found nowhere else. Australia has more than 900 nationally important wetlands in coastal and inland locations, 65 of those are currently listed as Rams Wetlands of International Importance (Department f the Environment 2009). Wetlands are highly specialized ecosystems with functions that aid in nutrient cycling, act as carbon stores and improve water quality by filtering the passing water. Coastal wetlands create a barrier effect which protects surrounding environments from flooding, pollution and erosion. Both coastal and inland wetlands sustain a high abundance of plant and animal life delivering rich habitat for food, shelter and protection for nesting for millions of waterfowl, birds and other vertebrates. Wetlands facilitate important stages of fisheries life cycles acting as nurseries for important fish stocks. They also aid in productivity of agriculture in floodplain pastures and valuable resource in times of drought The effects of climate change will alter all aspects of wetlands of each diversity. Increased temperatures and a decrease in rain causing a reduction of snow will strongly affect inland alpine wetlands as well as down the river as reduced water flows will be unable to support all of Australias 3 Sailings Hall 21620531 81001204 important waterways. Sixty of Australias Rams Wetlands are dependent on flow from other rivers. Less frequency of flood or an increase of flood will exult in a decline in diversity and health of the wetland ecosystem which will in turn affect the values for which they were listed as international significant wetlands (D. Illuminated 2008). As seventy percent of Australias tropical coastline are mangrove and salt marsh a rise in sea level will have strong impacts on the health and distribution of its inhabitants and associated economic uses (T Smith 2009). Ultimately the impacts of climate change on wetlands will affect the biodiversity in Australia by forcing redistribution of species which will affect lifestyles, abundance of food and ecosystem structure. Many plants and animals will not be able to cope with the rapid changes it may take to adapt and relocate so we will see a strong change in the diversity, abundance and location of these ecosystems (D. A. Rosier 2001). These changes to the physical and biological conditions of the environment will have cultural, social and economic ramifications for Australias future (I. Idiot 1999). Creeks and the like or characterized by having constant fluctuating water at the root zone. They can be found far inland between dry terrestrial systems as isolated basins or along tidal regions or connected to rivers, lakes and estuaries (W. Mitch 2007). There is a strong difference in type and location of wetlands but they share the same roles in a landscape from providing habitat to influencing water quality through nutrient cycling and retention of particles. However the functional capacity of wetlands is only able to continue provided that they are not exhausted beyond their critical loading limit (H. Hemmed 1988). Water Quality: The effects of wetlands on water quality depend on the location and chemical and biological composition of the system. The wetlands among riparian areas that boarder uplands are important sites for nitrogen processing and detention of larger sediment particles, whereas the wetlands downstream have reduced flow rates as surface water passes through plant litter and retain finer particles and phosphorous. Revering systems also play a large role in processing nutrients and retaining sediment particles, especially during flood events which is an important function in raising The intention of this Literature review is to investigate the range of effects climate change will have on the diverse variety of wetland environments around Australia and examine the management strategies and policies that eve been put in place to protect the future of our wetlands capacity to remain a strongly unique and integral part of Australias biodiversity. Eater quality to benefit all forms of life (D. Wigwam 1988). Mangrove are important specialized wetlands in tropical Australia as they trap sediment from flood and filter the water heading into the ocean in regions prone to high rainfall intensity and flash flooding (T . Smith 2009). Sediments in water can be detrimental to water quality and productivity. Turbidity caused by suspended particles decrease availability of sunlight thus decreasing the reductio n of photosynthesis and oxygen production. Whats more if the particles are high in organic matter the biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen IMPORTANCE OF WETLANDS Wetland Functions: Wetlands are distinguished by the presence of water at the surface or within the root zone such as balloons, swap, marsh, mangroves and tidal 4 Sailings Hall 21620531 81001204 demand will further lower the dissolved oxygen level, which in turn lower the productivity of the ecosystem. Wetland unique hydrology and morphology enable them to act as specialized sinks, transformers and sources which enables them to clean and filter the passing water (W. Mitch 2007). These functions are important to quality of life in the environment as it allows the reduction Of bacteria and viruses from the water through simple detention while natural die-back occurs and/ or aided by toxic root excretions of specialized wetland plants or ingestion by protozoa that feed on bacteria (D. Wigwam 1988). Accountable of 25% of its atmospheric levels, however they are the most effective ecosystem in retaining carbon by acting as sinks retaining 30% or more of global soil organic carbon sequester in sediment, peat and plant mommas which in turn balance the affects and have been referred to as climate change neutral (W. Mitch 2007). Estuarine wetlands have a minimal release of greenhouse gases due to the inhibition of antihistamines by sulfates. They also have a carbon question capacity per area much higher than any other and if left undisturbed are able to store carbon for a millennia. It has been studied that the rate of carbon sequestration in restored wetlands can exceed that of natural wetlands (A. J. Howe 2009). Ultimately the ability of estuarine wetlands to continue sequestering carbon depends on their ability o adapt to changes in environmental conditions and warming of the environment will increase the risk of carbon being lost back to the environment (W. Mitch 2007). These risks along with human development destroying estuarine wetlands puts wetlands at further risk and increases the negative effects for all living biota due to climate change. This is strong evidence to suggest protection and rehabilitation of wetlands will be imperative to reducing the increase of carbon and slowing the process of climate change. Nutrient Cycling: Plant Nutrient Removal is an important feature of wetlands as water passes wrought the system and feeds other areas. Nitrogen and phosphorus are important elements to plant production but in excess amounts can deteriorate the health of the water through the consequences of transportation (T Smith 2009). Wetlands receive nitrogen and phosphorus from anthropogenic and natural sources, the nutrient loading being highly dependent on topography, location and precipitation. Increases in rain causing flooding and run off into wetlands are major causes of excessive nutrients. Fortunately wetlands natural slowing of flow rate allows nutrient uptake from plants and animals ND retain nitrogen through sedimentation which enables identification by bacteria who release nitrogen into the atmosphere (D. Wigwam 1988). Biodiversity: The variety of wetland habitats provides for a diverse range of biotic communities, many specific Carbon Sinks: The function Of wetlands in the global carbon cycle is important for reducing climate change. Wetlands cover only 6% of the earths surface and hold 12% of the global carbon pool (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007). Wetlands high productivity can also produce methane and can be to the individual wetland. Australia is home to 600 000-700 000 species and 80% of the plants and mammals, 40% of our birds are endemic to our nation (D. Illuminated 2008). Most of these species rely directly or indirectly on wetland ecosystems and functions at some stage of life. Most of Australias waterbeds are endemic and frequent arid Zones of the continent and upwards of 5 Sailings Hall 21620531 81001204 8 million are estimated to use wetlands of our arid interior (D. Nielsen 2009). Many other migratory birds and fish species rely on wetlands for food, shelter and safe breeding grounds which owe Australia the responsibility of intuition to ensure this resource is available to them as they are a shared species with other nations. Flow is a large factor in the wetland ecosystems biotic composition and many aquatic species have evolved in direct response to their environment. This makes them extremely vulnerable to any changes in frequency and intensity of rainfall events and the redistribution of rain accompanying climate change will alter the future of wetlands biodiversity (S. Bun 2002). Accumulation of salts due to evaporation or rise in water table will shift species-rich freshwater communities to species-poor salt tolerant communities. The wetlands resilience or adaptation will differ in ecological response to these changes owed to the duration and rate the changes occur, resulting in possible permanent distribution and community structure changes to extinction of some species (D. Ninnies 2009). Development in coastal zones, wetland plant and animal species may not be able to adapt or retreat from the effects of rising waters as there simply may be nowhere to go (T Smith 2009). It has been predicted that a rise in temperature in the tropics will transport a greater mass of water vapor towards higher latitudes. This will result in a decrease in precipitation in lower attitudes having a drying affect on wetlands, and an increase in precipitation in higher latitudes which will create more flooding affects on the wetlands (T. Walsh 2008). Sea Level: Rises in sea level will have negative effects on coastal wetlands due to an increase of salinity and inundation of higher water levels and changes in temperature and tidal movement. Encroaching tides will change the movement of sediment altering the TU rapidity and affecting productivity where effects will be seen cascading up the atrophic web. The direct effects will differ depending on the type of wetland communion ¶y. Given a slow event of sea level sis coastal wetlands may be able to migrate inland providing management allows adequate CLIMATE CHANGE Climate influences almost every aspect of a wetland ecosystem; biotic factors such as wind, rain and temperature directly and indirectly affect species distribution and abundance, as well as the wetlands composition, function and cycling of nutrients. EPIC 2007 report estimates that global mean sea level will rise by up to 0. 59 m by 2100 which will have adverse effects on coastal wetlands as they will be inundated with sea water, banks will be eroded, resulting in damage to fringe vegetation, suffer stronger tidal urges and changes in temperature and salinity. Due to high urban space for new communities to establish otherwise they may become extinct in many areas (C Oakum 2009). Another prediction is that freshwater wetlands along the coast will be replaced with the expanse of large wetland ecosystems and more southerly distribution of salt marshes and mangroves (L. Hughes 2003). Sydney Universities Dry. Eleanor Bruce has used models to predict that wetlands of iconic Homeboys Bay would experience a loss of habitat by 21 00 due to sea level rise which will have large environmental and social challenges for the future planning (SSI 2009). Another important wetland at risk Of severe loss is the UNESCO world heritage Kayaked national park 6 Sailings Hall 21620531 81001204 wetlands. The coastal plains of Kayaked are just 0. 2 † 1. Meters above mean high water level and at risk of complete loss if the planet warms between 2-3 degrees (B. Hare 2005). Affecting the community structure and impacts biota through the food chains and loss of habitat. The ecological responses to increased salinity and success of the wetland will be dependent on the tolerance of the individual species D. Nielsen Increase of Temperature and Changes in Precipitation: Temperature increase has a large effect on aquatic communities most basically as the higher the temperatu re the less oxygen molecules (N.Campbell 2009). However, much more complex on a larger scale, such as the rise in temperature increasing evaporation of rivers and decreasing snow and rainfall. Predictions of increased drought frequencies have fatal implications for inland wetlands, for example increased evaporation and up to 10% reduced rainfall in the Macadamia Valley mean annual flows to the Marshes will be reduced by 1 1-32%. The Macadamia Marshes are one of the largest semi-permanent wetlands in south-eastern Australia, with 42 species of waterbeds, including Magpie Geese and Prologs. Climate change is likely to cause a decline in the wetlands vegetation by up to 40 percent which will mean a much smaller capacity to sustain life and it is unclear where the water birds will be able to go as the Macadamia Marshes is one of the only wetlands in the Murray Darling Basin (L. Hughes 2003). 2009). The species most tolerant to the new saline environment will recession the area, changing the future face of the wetland permanently. There are many management issues and risks as this succession on a changed environment opens the area to possible weed invasion which further decreases long term biodiversity of Australias water ways (T. Smith 2009). Future plans show new modeling techniques being developed to predict the outcomes of salinity increase scenarios, setting salinity maxima limits for wetlands, and identifying the species potentially suitable as early warning indicators of a declining wetland or to aid in resilience in restoration. This knowledge will facilitate preventative, rather than reactive, wetland management (Arthur Relay Institute 2010). MANAGEMENT In Australia individual State and territory governments have the primary legislative and policy responsibility for wetland management. Australia was the first country to join the Rams Convention in 1971 an intergovernmental treaty that embodies the commitments of its member countries to maintain the ecological character of Salinity: Climate change will increase salinity in wetlands through evaporation and rising of the ground water table due to loss of vegetation and flooding. A decrease in rain and flow in many regions will not allow the seasonal flushing of salt from wetlands and it will accumulate over time drastically changing the Truckee and quality of the environment. An increase in salinity directly reduces biodiversity in aquatic systems thus their Wetlands of International Importance and to plan for the wise use, or sustainable use, of all of the wetlands in their territories(Wetlands 2010). Part of Australias commitment was the implementation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1 999 (EPIC Act), and through the development of programs state and nationwide with the goal to improve the 7 Sailings Hall 21620531 B1001204 management of wetlands (Department of the Environment 2009). In espouse to climate change, the Australian Government has developed Water for the Future, a long-term $12. Billion package that proposes to take action to support our rivers and wetlands especially the Murray-Darling Basin which has suffered decades of mismanagement due to irrigation and damming (Australian Government Department of the Environment 2010). The NEWS government is now buying back water from the irrigation companies under the River bank program to deliver to wetlands such as the Macadamia Marshes (David Illuminated 2008). Must be protected and rehabilitated to assist in mitigating climate change long with our responsibility as stewards of the earth. Given the diversity of wetland types management issues will need to be customized to both regional and local levels which pose difficulties in negotiation as people hold differing values. This disparity between wetland values and the increased demands for water will only be exacerbated in the future as the climate changes and human needs increase the strain on the environment. An important management strategy will need to be recognizing that climate change will affect the ecological characteristics of wetlands and their uses and being aware that they hold an important role in CONCLUSION Wetlands are a critical part of the Australian environment and an important system in our waterways. They protect our shores from wave action, mitigate impacts of floods and absorb pollution to improve water quality and provide habitats for animals and plants both endemic to Australia and shared with other nations. Given these important functions it is clear that wetlands securing the future water quality and biological biodiversity of Australian ecosystems.

Aphasia †Communication Impairment

Aphasia – Communication Impairment Free Online Research Papers Aphasia is a general term used to describe one or more disorders that have caused the loss or impairment of the ability to speak or communicate. (Akmajian Demers, and Harnish 1979:306) This can be caused by disease ( such as a brain tumor), dementia, stroke or physical injury to the brain itself. The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) estimates that 80,000 people acquire aphasia every year and that approximately one million people in the U.S. have currently been diagnosed, most of these have been due to stroke. (www.nidcd.nih.gov) In this paper I will be addressing the varied causes of aphasia, its effect on language and its treatment. It would be nearly impossible to talk of aphasia without addressing its root causes, which is usually damage to one of the two major language centers of the brain that are often associated with this illness, namely, Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area. In 1861 a French surgeon named Paul Broca described a patient with severe speech impairment; after the patient died it was revealed that they had sustained an injury to the posterior inferior part of the left frontal lobe (see fig. 1). This area is now known as Broca’s area (Akmajian Demers, and Harnish 1979:307). A little over a decade after Broca’s findings, in 1874 a German physician, Karl Wernicke, described patients with brain lesions who also had severe speech deficits; the lesions however were not located in Broca’s area. The damage had occurred in another area, the left posterior temporal lobe (see fig. 1). These findings together led to the inference that these two areas of the brain play crucial but different roles in speech and communication. Damage to these areas manifests itself differently, leading to separate but similar pathologies. Damage to Broca’s area results in what is termed Broca’s aphasia which is also called nonfluent or motor aphasia. (Clark, Eschholz and Rosa 1998:637) This kind of aphasia is characterized by short, halting, agrammatical speech that is often devoid of articles and prepositions. We are given this example from a patient with Broca’s aphasia; â€Å"The patient is trying to describe a picture showing a boy stealing cookies from a cookie jar while his chair is tipping over; a little girl is helping him. Their mother stands at the window staring into space while the sink in front of her overflows.† (Clark, Eschholz and Rosa 1998:637) Cookie jar†¦fall over†¦chair†¦water†¦empty†¦ov†¦ov†¦[Examiner: â€Å"overflow?†] Yeah. (637) Through Wernicke’s research he found that people without damage to Broca’s area but with damage to the temporal lobe where Wernicke’s area is located, developed speech pathologies that were quite different from Broca’s aphasia. Patients suffering from Wernicke’s aphasia often have little or no trouble producing long sentences with proper grammar. The speech itself though is often unintelligible with unnecessary and/or made up words. (Clark, Eschholz and Rosa 1998:637-38) In the text of Language: Readings in language and culture, a patient with Wernicke’s aphasia attempts to describe the same picture that the aforementioned Broca’s aphasiatic tried to describe: Well, this is†¦mother is away here working out o’here to get her better, but when she’s working, the two boys looking in the other part. One their small tile into her time here. She’s working another time because she’s getting too. (638) This led Wernicke to create the first model of language processing in the brain. Wernicke proposed that the words and meanings are stored in Wernicke’s area, after drawing a word from this area the thought is transmitted to Broca’s area by way of a bundle of nerves called the arcuate fasciculus. Once it reaches Broca’s area the sound structure of the intended speech is sent to the motor cortex where it then is transmitted as various commands to the physical areas related to speech (tongue, lips etc). Finally, language emerges. (Clark, Eschholz and Rosa 1998:638) Aphasia is not always as clear cut as the preceding paragraphs seem to make it however. Factors such as the location of the injury, the patient’s age and health are all complicit in how severe the aphasia is and how it expresses itself. (nidcd.nih.gov/) Often in the case of Broca’s aphasia partial paralysis may occur as it is quite close to the motor cortex. It can also manifest itself in areas other than oral communication such as reading and writing, and in fact is often more severe in these areas. To further complicate matters, the same types of aphasia do not have the same symptoms in different languages, causing researchers to search for language specific symptoms and universal symptoms. (nidcd.nih.gov/) The diagnosis of aphasia can be performed by a speech pathologist who can examine the patient’s ability to comprehend speech, communicate orally, read and write. Other factors are also taken into account such as the ability to swallow, the ability to follow directions, both simple and complex. After this the mode of treatment that is best suited to the individual can be determined. (nidcd.nih.gov/) The basic form of treatment involves work with the speech pathologist to focus on specific aspects of language that have been affected by the brain. Exercises such as naming objects and following directions can be increased in complexity as the patient improves. Sometimes it may be better, or even necessary, for a patient to communicate primarily with the use of gestures and symbols. One such patient, Chil, had a massive stroke in the left hemisphere of his brain leaving him with little more than his right hand and arm to communicate with, though he could say three words, Yes, No and And.( McNeill 2000:84) Chil and his family were able to communicate through these three words combined with a series of hand gestures. Though the process can be time consuming it works for Chil and his family. McNeill describes a situation in which Chil would like to invite an additional two people for dinner: With hindsight it is possible to see Chil wants to invite two additional guests, Mack and June to dinner. However, it takes intricate, temporally unfolding work for his interlocutors to discover this. (85-86) Gestures may not be able to replace the intricacies that spoken language provides but it does serve as a useful and valid means of expression. There are also group therapy sessions which may help the patient use new conversational skills. The NIDCD website lists some pointers for family members. Family members are encouraged to simplify their language, encourage the individual to communicate in whatever way they can, inclusion into decision making and in conversation. It is also recommended that they do not correct their speech and that they encourage them to become involved with activities out side of the home including stroke clubs which are regional support groups for people who have suffered a stroke. New research into drug treatment has shown hope as the NIDCD website states: Pharmacotherapy is a new, experimental approach to treating aphasia. Some studies are testing how drugs can be used in combination with speech therapy to improve recovery of various language functions by increasing the task-related flow of activation in the left hemisphere of the brain. These studies indicate that drugs may help improve aphasia in acute stroke and as an adjuvant to language therapy in post acute and chronic aphasia. Science and medicine have improved and advanced significantly since the days of Paul Broca and Karl Wernicke. Scientists are now using machines like MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging) to create 3d virtual versions individual brains to study the inner workings of the brain and its pathologies. Something that Broca and Wernicke could never have imagined. Though there is less obfuscation concerning the inner workings of the brain and of the processes that lead to the comprehension and use of language in all its forms, aphasia is still a real concern that for some is nearly or completely crippling. References Akmajian, Demers and Robert M. Harnish 1975 Linguistics: An introduction to Language and Communication. Cambridge and London: The MIT Press Clark, Eschholz and Alfred F. Rosa 1998 Language: Readings in Language and Culture. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s D’Esposito, Mark 2003 Neurological Foundations of Cognitive Neuroscience. Cambridge: The MIT Press McNeill, David 2000 Language and Gesture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2006 National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Electronic document, nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/aphasia.asp, accessed September 8, 2006 Research Papers on Aphasia - Communication ImpairmentArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Analysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementQuebec and CanadaThe Fifth HorsemanMind TravelAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

Suffolk County Council Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Suffolk County Council - Case Study Example The situation at SCC looks like a case of ‘Top Down’ decision, initiated by the CEO Andrea Hill. She along with some senior executives has taken the hard decision to cut back on the number of staff at SCC. A Top-Down approach in an organization is one where one person (or more) at the top of the organizational hierarchy takes a decision and the juniors are expected to follow it. (Princeton, 2014) In comparison, a Bottom-Up approach in an organization refers to the involvement of people at the grass root level to form a consensus regarding a decision. (Princeton, 2014). On preliminary reading, it looks like the executives at SCC have made a mistake regarding the decision to cut back on staff by using a high handed approach in the matter and perhaps not fully investigated other alternatives which may be available to them. For example, if they had consulted with their staff, and presented the problem to them, and asked the staff to take a pay cut for a short period of time, maybe the issue of cutting back would not have arisen. SCC had over the years gone on a hiring spree, perhaps expecting a sharp increase in the demand for their services. However, this doesn’t seem to have happe ned, and now SCC is facing the dual problem of low demands and high personal cost. A revolutionary change is being tried by the new CEO Andrea Hill, in an effort to make SCC â€Å"leaner, smaller, cheaper, more creative, and more innovative.† The relieving of staff will almost certainly ensure that SCC operates in a cheaper more cost-effective way, but there is no guarantee that it will be more creative or innovative. Moreover, it is my personal opinion that creativity flourishes from stability.  

Reflection assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection assignment - Essay Example The basic introduction in unit I was perfect since it forms a stepping stone to unit II that involved research. At this point it, the knowledge acquired in unit I help in determining and drafting the requirements of Unit II. Therefore, it is worth noting that Unit I improved my critical thinking that led me to effective selection of research topic. Despite looking into varied areas to research on, my concerns were on the topic that was of the public concern and interest. Hence, I decided to settle on effects on smoking to the all involved parties including first hand smokers, second hand or perceive smokers, families of smoker, and the society. My concern in this step was whether my research question will be approved or not. Fortunately, it was approved and the task afterwards was to carry out relevant and thorough research on the selected topic. The Unit III and IV were good ventures in teaching and perfecting both research and writing skills. Moreover, from these units, I learned h ow to search for resources in completing my work. Different resources are usually available for every research topic, but the most important thing is to select resources that will help in accomplishing or answering research questions effectively. Therefore, the book or article reviews that were learnt in this class are effective and necessary research tools that this class offered me. Moreover, different examples that were used during these class sessions were directly productive in compiling all the relevant materials in writing the final paper as per Unit IV. Additionally, the peer review section or the Unit III is a good unit since it leads to appreciation of other people’s work. It also makes students to learn from each other. The unit gave me an opportunity to know what other students’ interests were and how they intended to contribute to their topics towards answering the research questions. Moreover, the unit also helped me to understand and appreciate other peo ple’s work on my research topic and helped to determine how I would complete my assignment using their contributions on my topic area. The translation project was a perfect lesion that taught me how to read and comprehend. Comprehending other people’s ideas in any form usually leads to deeper understanding to their contributions. After understanding the same, it becomes easier to use their ideas in different ways to achieve certain goals or towards answering question involved around such understanding. For instance, the translation project that led to the understanding of each student’s topic area made use (students) to provide different translation of each student’s topic or research question. Additionally, translation topic helped to paraphrase other people’s work as I appreciate their contribution to their work. The translational topic also made me to appreciate other students and helped know that people have different personalities. For instanc e, some students have same concerned but presented them in different and varied way. This really opened mind and since then I have remained opened minded never to look or consider a problem or solution on only one end buy giving the same different understandings. Finally, it is worth noting that Unit IV is the most vital for all other lower Units since all other units are based on completing Unit IV effectively and qualitatively. This topic unit led

The Operations of E-Cab Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Operations of E-Cab - Essay Example On the other hand, the production process refers to the manufacturing process or system involved in the production of goods and services. Consequently, the goods and services represent the desired packaged product. Therefore, considering the operations within E-Cab Company, the input resources would correspond to the raw materials required for the assembly of the cabs. These include posts and cross nails, paint and cross members (Johnson, Chambers, Harland, Harrison, and Slack, 2003:494). Consequently, the production process would correspond to the manufacturing process involved in the production of cabs, including all the quality checks involved in the entire process. Finally, the cabs produced to represent the finished product desired by the customer such as the Nokia company. According to Render and Heizer (1994:198), the manufacturing process requires an operational process. An operation process underlines the crucial decisions undertaken in the transformation of resources into products and services. Consequently, the objective of the operation process is the prompt and effective production of the desired goods and services (Heizer, 2010:198). Therefore, the transformation process incorporates the fundamental management model. This process involves operations strategy, design, planning and control, and, finally, improvement. All these processes are intertwined to produce the desired strategy in regard to operations. However, in order to understand this process, one has to consider the Hayes and Wheelwright model. Therefore, as regards E-Cab Company, its manufacturing system lacked in quality as a result of poor operational systems. This was a result of a deficiency in two crucial transforming resources: facilities and personnel.  

Standardization of Accounting Regulations Essay

Standardization of Accounting Regulations - Essay Example As a result of this, the effect of standardization of accounting must be regarded beyond capital market settings; therefore, these effects should also be examined on other areas, including flows of information, policies and people. Although the way standardization of accounting affects accounting information more especially on the internet is rather vague, these transfers are relatively unstructured and unregulated in current accounting practices. "However, technologies in accounting are legitimizing certain sets of information, and give attention to certain voices in the quest for global attention." (Graham & Neu, 2003) Such a body is the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), it assist the international governments handle tackle the economic, social, and governance challenges of a global economy. They scrutinize government and help examine such performance indicators as laundering, transportation, and pension. Also, they help to review process performance measurements both to observe and to direct government performance. The funding of internet information is provided largely by the U.S Department of Defense in the 1970s and 1980s, for the purpose of developing advance communications networks linking the U.S. militaries and universities, this is shaped by standardized accounting in the development of informational technical infrastructure. "Some other agencies that have helped fund Internet communication, like (The National Science Foundation and the Advanced Research Projects Agency) have also relied on accounting technologies to balance technical and economic goals." (Graham & Neu, 2003) Flow of policy Standardization of accounting has also helped to regulate foreign policies; accounting practices are most times imposed on distant sites. By and through the terms of lending conditionality, the receiving counties are coerced, albeit co-operatively, to adopt and accept mainstream neo-liberal financial policies. This scenario is evident in most third world where they are made to abide by the conditions of the lending countries. And I such cases financial assistance is given by IMF. Accounting technologies make visible certain problems, offer certain solutions, and make these solutions operational. In most cases, practices from international sources are thus mixed with resident financial practices of the country in concern so that the problem could be solved. Ultimately, this flow of policies will produced economic survival. Flow of people The standardization of Accounting has helped to keep track of people as they move from area to area. Movement of people are monitored and analyzed as they cross borders, and accounting is deemed to be a major player in the immigration policies and practices of many countries. For instance, an accounting system which manages loans to immigrants is in operation Canada. Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) makes loans to immigrants in order to assist them in various ways, and such includes transportation, proving admissibility, and general assistance (Government of Canada, 2003, as cited in Graham & Neu, 2003). Thus, the movement of people into Canada are enabled and enhanced by accounting technologies. More also, these people are monito

TLMT312 WEEK 5 FORUM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TLMT312 WEEK 5 FORUM - Assignment Example They have a definite or regular shape that facilitates their easy storage and handling as opposed to non rigid containers which do not hold their shape. Non rigid containers have an indefinite shape because of lack of supporting structures. ii. Nonrigid containers in most cases will take the shape of its contents. This is opposed to the rigid containers, of which its contents, especially, fluids and gases take the shape of the container. This is vital in the determination of the type of container to be used during packaging by the organization. In the cost reduction strategy, it is required that appropriate container be selected as per the volume of the load. iii. Ordinarily, rigid containers will take more storage space as opposed to non rigid containers which can be folded to occupy less space. Nonrigid containers in the long run save the storage cost accrued from usage of less space. In the supply and procurement department this is important so as to strategies to ensure that the organization still makes profits. iv. Rigid containers have more storage and maintenance costs as opposed to non rigid containers. This is due to labor used for cleaning and storing the rigid containers. Most non rigid containers are non reusable, thus do not attract the costs. (Donald J. Bowersox, 2009) v. In most cases rigid containers are durable and reusable as opposed to non rigid containers. This is vital in the cost benefit analysis 2of the firm to ensure that it is making profits. The usage of rigid containers saves costs that would emanate from frequently container purchases. Oftenly, rigid containers are usually highly priced than the non rigid containers because of their durability and reusability. vi. In rigid container the manufacturers must give instructions and provide documentation for the evaluation, purchase, processing, and effective use of containers as opposed to non rigid where the is no much

FIRST literacy experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FIRST literacy experience - Essay Example The semester has been taken as the most tenable timeframe for observing a literacy experience since it is the most minimal testable and evaluable unit of time. At first, my literacy experience in college was premised upon paying critical attention, as a way of getting meaning out of the scholarly texts I engaged with and lectures and discussions I attended. I had rightly surmised that this was the best way of comprehending the concepts that had been taught and those that had been scheduled for the semester’s outline. As a matter of fact, understanding these course concepts were of great importance since that was the essence of education and a sure way of excelling in college exams. In a closely related wavelength, I would get out of my way to engage past end-of-semester exams to have a gist of the manner in which exams were set. This learning strategy saw me through most of the assignments and continuous assessment exams. However, with the accentuation of time within the first semester, I came to the realization that I was not engaging the best approach and attitude to my scholarly journey in college. This is especially after I had an encounter with critical and creative thinking. I realized that like many, I had mistakenly relegated critical and creative thinking and its facets to humanities and cognitive sciences. Because of my encounter with critical thinking I came to realize that learning is a complex whole which comprises critical attention, critical thinking and active participation, commonly known as the reader-response criticism. It is from this point that I came to realize the importance of translating texts into conceptual terms of cultural, metaphysical and psychological realities, over the traditional interpretative approach. In respect to the foregoing, I embraced and began to adopt the psychoanalytic approach as a way of carrying out intellectual and academic engagements. In the psychoanalytic approach, all literary experiences are defined , qualified and appraised in relation to psychological processes such as projection, introjections, defense mechanisms and identification. Nevertheless, I realized that the method described herein requires more and wider reading exercises so as to have a strong grasp on the concept being taught. It is from this point that of great understanding that I as any other individual following this path was able to: unconsciously develop a love for the discipline I was dabbling in; form impromptu questions in my mind, note them down for further investigation and consultation with my lecturers; challenge some of the theories, schools of thought or standpoints that had been passed on in lecture halls as plausible explanations to a phenomenon [it is in wide reading and understanding that limitations and strengths in some of the schools of thoughts can be noted]; appreciate discussion forums; and strongly appreciate the importance of maintaining a reading and inquisitive culture, in lieu of read ing for exams. The crux of the observation above is emphasized by Hellenga’s observation to the effect that while the traditional method allows people [like myself at first instance] to comprehend and internalize the concepts being newly introduced, the psychoanalytic approach enabled to internalize, synthesize and even proceed to challenge or recommend these newly taught concepts. In this regard, I came to learn that proper education or

Standardization of Accounting Regulations Essay

Standardization of Accounting Regulations - Essay Example As a result of this, the effect of standardization of accounting must be regarded beyond capital market settings; therefore, these effects should also be examined on other areas, including flows of information, policies and people. Although the way standardization of accounting affects accounting information more especially on the internet is rather vague, these transfers are relatively unstructured and unregulated in current accounting practices. "However, technologies in accounting are legitimizing certain sets of information, and give attention to certain voices in the quest for global attention." (Graham & Neu, 2003) Such a body is the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), it assist the international governments handle tackle the economic, social, and governance challenges of a global economy. They scrutinize government and help examine such performance indicators as laundering, transportation, and pension. Also, they help to review process performance measurements both to observe and to direct government performance. The funding of internet information is provided largely by the U.S Department of Defense in the 1970s and 1980s, for the purpose of developing advance communications networks linking the U.S. militaries and universities, this is shaped by standardized accounting in the development of informational technical infrastructure. "Some other agencies that have helped fund Internet communication, like (The National Science Foundation and the Advanced Research Projects Agency) have also relied on accounting technologies to balance technical and economic goals." (Graham & Neu, 2003) Flow of policy Standardization of accounting has also helped to regulate foreign policies; accounting practices are most times imposed on distant sites. By and through the terms of lending conditionality, the receiving counties are coerced, albeit co-operatively, to adopt and accept mainstream neo-liberal financial policies. This scenario is evident in most third world where they are made to abide by the conditions of the lending countries. And I such cases financial assistance is given by IMF. Accounting technologies make visible certain problems, offer certain solutions, and make these solutions operational. In most cases, practices from international sources are thus mixed with resident financial practices of the country in concern so that the problem could be solved. Ultimately, this flow of policies will produced economic survival. Flow of people The standardization of Accounting has helped to keep track of people as they move from area to area. Movement of people are monitored and analyzed as they cross borders, and accounting is deemed to be a major player in the immigration policies and practices of many countries. For instance, an accounting system which manages loans to immigrants is in operation Canada. Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) makes loans to immigrants in order to assist them in various ways, and such includes transportation, proving admissibility, and general assistance (Government of Canada, 2003, as cited in Graham & Neu, 2003). Thus, the movement of people into Canada are enabled and enhanced by accounting technologies. More also, these people are monito

FIRST literacy experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FIRST literacy experience - Essay Example The semester has been taken as the most tenable timeframe for observing a literacy experience since it is the most minimal testable and evaluable unit of time. At first, my literacy experience in college was premised upon paying critical attention, as a way of getting meaning out of the scholarly texts I engaged with and lectures and discussions I attended. I had rightly surmised that this was the best way of comprehending the concepts that had been taught and those that had been scheduled for the semester’s outline. As a matter of fact, understanding these course concepts were of great importance since that was the essence of education and a sure way of excelling in college exams. In a closely related wavelength, I would get out of my way to engage past end-of-semester exams to have a gist of the manner in which exams were set. This learning strategy saw me through most of the assignments and continuous assessment exams. However, with the accentuation of time within the first semester, I came to the realization that I was not engaging the best approach and attitude to my scholarly journey in college. This is especially after I had an encounter with critical and creative thinking. I realized that like many, I had mistakenly relegated critical and creative thinking and its facets to humanities and cognitive sciences. Because of my encounter with critical thinking I came to realize that learning is a complex whole which comprises critical attention, critical thinking and active participation, commonly known as the reader-response criticism. It is from this point that I came to realize the importance of translating texts into conceptual terms of cultural, metaphysical and psychological realities, over the traditional interpretative approach. In respect to the foregoing, I embraced and began to adopt the psychoanalytic approach as a way of carrying out intellectual and academic engagements. In the psychoanalytic approach, all literary experiences are defined , qualified and appraised in relation to psychological processes such as projection, introjections, defense mechanisms and identification. Nevertheless, I realized that the method described herein requires more and wider reading exercises so as to have a strong grasp on the concept being taught. It is from this point that of great understanding that I as any other individual following this path was able to: unconsciously develop a love for the discipline I was dabbling in; form impromptu questions in my mind, note them down for further investigation and consultation with my lecturers; challenge some of the theories, schools of thought or standpoints that had been passed on in lecture halls as plausible explanations to a phenomenon [it is in wide reading and understanding that limitations and strengths in some of the schools of thoughts can be noted]; appreciate discussion forums; and strongly appreciate the importance of maintaining a reading and inquisitive culture, in lieu of read ing for exams. The crux of the observation above is emphasized by Hellenga’s observation to the effect that while the traditional method allows people [like myself at first instance] to comprehend and internalize the concepts being newly introduced, the psychoanalytic approach enabled to internalize, synthesize and even proceed to challenge or recommend these newly taught concepts. In this regard, I came to learn that proper education or

Community Service Essay Example for Free

Community Service Essay Community service is very important because it helps build character, which is something that the Dalton School and the Detroit News would agree with me on. Having community service as a requirement to graduate is a good idea as long as the student can choose what type of community service they want to do; because it forces students to go out in their community and help others. Community Service doesnt have to have a negative effect on people, it can and usually has a good effect. Willie Grothman and Tim Phang are two high school students who started a community service club that helped a lot of people in their community. Community service can be extremely valuable in the development of both character, academics and it gives students a chance to give back to their community. Community service builds character because after accomplishing something, it gives people a feel of satisfaction and accomplishment that makes students feel good about themselves. The Dalton School believes when an individual goes out in the world and interacts with other people in the spirit of bettering, that individual makes a contribution and will feel a sense of accomplishment. But on the other hand, some people argue that it is wrong to force students into doing community service. Arthur Stukas, Mark Snyder, and E. Gil Clary said students were less affected even if they had a choice of community service. These scientists also say that researchers have found that students who initially did not want to volunteer found that they actually enjoyed helping others if requirements were applied gently and with their input and involvement in the process. In my opinion that is what we want to happen when students are involved in community service. From graph two that Mark Hugo presents is that community service has a high rating from the students who are educationally successful which shows that community service can have a positive affect on people. In the Detroit News, they talked about a thirteen year-old boy named John Prueter and the type of community service he did and the positive affect it had on him. He volunteered at the Alterra Sterling House, an assisted living home in Hampton Township. From this experience from John, he now wants to study nursing and he said he became interested in the field because of his volunteer work. This shows the positive result of community service because it can also lead you into the career path you would have never known you liked until you volunteered. Putting time into your community is a way of giving back. The Dalton School says the moral center of a community, that place where we can find the values of empathy, compassion, and caring, is the basis for civic responsibility and the success of that community. In the Washington Post by Tara Bahrampour, she writes about two high school students, Willie Grothman and Tim Phang of Washington- Lee High School experienced the success of communi ty service. They formed a community service club called the Willie Grothman Club and they held things like walking for AIDS, for the homeless and for breast cancer in an event in which they took turns walking relays all night around a track in the rain. For these events they collect pledges of money from friends and family members for each mile they walked or each bowling pin they knocked down. These guys were some of the most inspiring people because they were not just helping their community, but the people in their community who were homeless, had AIDS, etc. Not only did this club change the members lives, but also it changed the lives of others around them, and the people they were helping. Community service does not have to be a negative because it can always turn into a positive. In the Dalton School, the Washington Post, the Detroit News, and Arthur Stukas, Mark Snyder, E. Gil Clary, and Mark Hugo, they all helped me determine that community service should be a requirement to graduate because it can change peoples lives for the better. Thank you for reading my essay but I have another question, which introduction sounds better, the one above or this one: Community service is very important because it helps build character. Having community service as a requirement to graduate is a good idea because it forces students to go out in their community and help others. Community Service doesnt have to have a negative effect on students, it can have a good effect or no effect at all. Willie Grothman and Tim Phang two high school students who started a community service club that helped a lot of people in their community-, The Dalton School, and The Detroit News- who did a story on John Prueter- would agree that community service is important. Community service can be extremely valuable in the development of both character, academics and it gives students a chance to give back to their community.

Cadbury Dairy Milk Values and Objectives

Cadbury Dairy Milk Values and Objectives Identify the mission, values and key objectives of the chosen organization and assess the influence of stake holders Vision Vision of Cadbury Dairy Milk Working together to create brands people love A vision statement reveals the ideal image of the organization in the future. Vision is an important point in corporate strategic plan and is bound to be on time. It communicates both the value and purpose of organization. Vision is intended to give directions to employees about how they should behave and inspires them to give their best. A vision when shared with customers can help shape a customers understanding of why they should work with the organization. Mission Cadbury Dairy Milk mission statement Says simply, Cadbury means quality; this is our promise. Our reputation is to built upon quality; our commitment to continuous improvement will ensure that our promise Mission statement defines an organizations primary objectives and its key purpose. Its prime function is internal – to define the key measure or measures of the organization’s success – and its prime listeners are the leadership team and stockholders. Mission statements are the starting points of an organizations strategic planning and goal setting process. They try to assure and focus the attention on both the external and internal stakeholders to understand and know what organization is trying to accomplish. Key Objectives Cadbury Dairy Milk main aim and objective is to become world best and biggest confectionery company. The company is really keen to perform better than the competitors. Cadbury Dairy Milk is among the leading companies of the world. Objectives are the ends toward which activity is aimed-they are the end results to ward which activity is aimed. â€Å"Objectives are goals, aims or purposes that organizations wish over varying periods of time†-McFarland â€Å"A managerial objective is the intended goal that prescribes definite scope and suggests direction to the planning efforts of a manger†-Terry and Franklin Stakeholders Their Main Interests/Objectives/Goals in an Organization Shareholders Growth in their profits, dividends price growth of their shares Employees Salary wages, secured job, motivation satisfaction of the job Customers Quality products, availability of the product, to obtain good value for money customer care Community Environmental effects, job opportunities the business`s impact on its surroundings Directors managers Salary, job satisfaction, to retain power to increase their status power in the organization from business growth Banks building societies Interest, debt to be collected credit rating Government Jobs, legal operation of the organization collection of tax Suppliers Quick payments, increase in purchase long term contracts (P2) Evaluate the extent to which an organization achieves the objectives of three stakeholders Stakeholders of an Organization    Stakeholders are group of people who are directly interested in the activities of the business. Different stakeholders of an organization are shown in the picture. Stakeholders Their Main Interests/Objectives/Goals in an Organization Employees Salary wages, secured job, motivation satisfaction of the job Customers Quality products, availability of the product, to obtain good value for money customer care Community Environmental effects, job opportunities the business`s impact on its surroundings Meeting the objectives of its Stakeholders Cadbury is one of the world’s largest confectionary manufacturers. Cadbury believes that good ethics and good business go together naturally to produce the best long-term results for all the stakeholders. Its success is sustained by understanding and responding to the needs of consumers, customers, suppliers, colleagues and citizens. Employees Cadbury identifies the abilities of its employees and then these abilities are further enhanced and developed by offering them on-the-job assignments, executive education and coaching. Part of Cadbury’s line managers responsibility is to identify the training needs of his or her direct reports, match those needs to training and development opportunities and ensure that learning is transferred back into the workplace. Consumers Cadbury is providing high quality, tasty products with reasonable prices and it also deals directly with consumers and has significant resources in the business so to respond to customers complaints and questions. Community Cadburys Purple Goes Green project was launched back in July 2007 setting a vision for the company to deal with change in climate. What they did was they intended to minimize global environmental footprints by reducing excess packaging, energy use and managing water use. Purple Goes Green targets are: 50% reduction in our absolute carbon emissions. 10% decline in packaging of product and a more stretch target of 25% for gift and seasonal ranges. We will also aim for 60% biodegradable packaging. 100% â€Å"water scarce† sites will have water reduction programs in place. Outcome 2 (P4) Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate and make effective use of resources Function of an economy: Government control economies and each economy have a certain amount of scares resources. Knowing that they exist on economic problem of scarcity however the economic system that a country has adapted to must ask the following questions and find suitable answers for them. 1) What to produce 2) How to produce 3) For whom to produce There are 3 economic systems they are discussed in detail below: Free market economy: All the economic resources are owned by private people. In a market economy only those goods are produced and resources are devoted towards those goods that are in demand and are also showing an increase in demand. This means that private sector will gather information from the market about those goods whose prices are rising. Meaning they will find out goods which are in demand and produce those goods only. In a market economy firms only operate to make profits or firms work only for profit motives. Poor people will be in distress as they will be unable to find hospitals that are free or very cheap, and also will find prices of necessities going up as there will be no government control. In a market economy a government may have limited role of providing legal systems, justice system, police etc. In a market economy because of no government control firms often hide there external costs due to this cost is less and so is the selling price this creates and artifi cial demand in the market and too many scares resources are being used. Advantages / Disadvantages A wide variety of goods are produced to meet consumer’s wants Encourages use of new and better methods to produce goods and services. It relies on producers and consumers to decide what, how and for whom to produce. In market economy factors of production will only be employed if it’s profitable. May fail to offer public with certain goods or services. Can encourage the use of harmful goods. Example drugs Social effects of production may be ignored. Planned economy: All economic resources are owned and controlled by the state. The state works for social motives and every decision is for the betterment of the society. There is central planning and the state decides what goods must be produced. Usually resources are devoted towards making necessities first. Consumers have no influence over what goods should be produced. Only those goods are produced which the government wants and not what the people want. In panned economies there is always a problem of knowing the correct level of demand as the market mechanism does not register them. Due to this there is miss allocation of resources and either resources are over or under utilized by the government. Currently there are only three countries with planned economies. (China, North Korea, Cuba) Advantages / Disadvantages Government works on social motives. Government charges high taxes on harmful goods. Goods are produced both for the poor and those having money. Social effects of production will be taken care of. The state can fail to provide certain goods. Cannot respond quickly to the changes in people’s wants. Produces only those goods which the government wants and not what the people want. Goods produced are of poor quality. Firms do not have a reason for doing a good job its because they work on social motive and there are no profit motives. Mixed Economic system: Many goods are produced by the private sector E.g. car, phones, PC etc. Many goods and services are provided only by the state E.g. police, defense, justice, railways, airlines, electricity. Some goods and services are provided both by the private and the government. And it is a person’s choice weather to go to a public hospital or a private hospital, public school or private school. In order to finance projects like health care and education the government raises money through taxes. In order to make better use of scare resources the government has the power to control or limit business activities. Government can control business activities in many ways E.g. Putting tax on pollution. Controlling employee rights. Anti competitive practices. Monopolies. E.g. merger or takeovers. A mixed economic system is usually adopted by governments to promote free enterprises. Advantages / Disadvantages Government helps in creating jobs for those people who are out of work. Government in mixed economies stops people from consuming harmful drugs by making them illegal or placing high taxes. In market economy firms can avoid their own costs but in mixed economies government may use laws, higher taxes and possible penalties on firms to try to prevent polluting the environment. Mixed economies overcome the problem of not producing goods for the poor as the state works on social motives and provide certain goods free of charge to the customers. Government often charges higher taxes from people and this discourages people from working. (P5) Discuss the impact of social welfare and industrial policy initiatives on organizations and the wider community Social welfare: The objective of social welfare is to measure value welfare judgments and social ethics. It not just includes the standard of living but also the environment (water, air and soil), maintenance of income, health, housing, crime level, education and its connection to society and politics. Industrial policy: Industrial policy helps government take active role in supporting investment and encouraging a faster economic growth in industry to help stop the manufacturing sector from decline. It emphasizes the cooperation between private enterprises, government, banks and employees to strengthen the economy. The social impact was always positive on Cadbury because as Quaker family they were participating reforms in society. Example choosing chocolate for career in business line is by their religious outlook. As he felt that alcohol is a major cause for poverty he introduced coca and chocolate for drinking as alternative. Welfare reforms among labor: Cadbury directly ban the climbing boys who cleaned the chimney. Took major steps against the cruelty on animals and protested against royal cruelty on animals. Plus he manage a structure to give adults awareness. He had good relations with his labors taking fruitful steps he gives Saturday a half day for his labors. He arranged committee in 1918 that had optional voting one for men other for women. The councils main aim is to provide education, training, safety and social life of the worker. They also arranged places for prayers and timings for prayers for workers on spiritual reasons. For example on this particular time bible has to be read as a morning prayer in church. Bibliography BPP Learning Media. (2007). Business Environment (Course Book). London: BPP Learning Media Ltd. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Social-Welfare-496646.html http://www.papercamp.com/group/internal-and-external-stakeholders-store/page-1140 http://www.scribd.com/doc/157174637/Cadbury http://www.ask.com/question/cadbury-schweppes-mission-statement